| 1 | Tough Choices, Tougher Times (exec summary) | Create a set of national board exams | Common assessments | 6 |
| 2 | Tough Choices, Tougher Times (exec summary) | Recruit the top HS students to become teachers | Recruit higher quality teachers | 4 |
| 3 | Tough Choices, Tougher Times (exec summary) | Provide early childhood education for all 3-4 year olds in the country | Pre-school | 2 |
| 4 | Tough Choices, Tougher Times (exec summary) | Redistribute extra resources to better educate disadvantaged students | Increase suppor to most disadvantaged | 2 |
| 5 | Tough Choices, Tougher Times (exec summary) | Change retirement funding to mirror private sector, and use extra funds to pay teachers higher salaries | Change retirement funding to mirror private sector, and use extra funds to pay teachers higher salaries | 2 |
| 6 | Tough Choices, Tougher Times (exec summary) | States should employ teachers rather than school districts and create state pay scale | States should employ teachers rather than school districts and create state pay scale | 2 |
| 7 | Tough Choices, Tougher Times (exec summary) | Create assessments that measure what matters to colleges and employers | K-12, Post-Secondary, Industry Alignment (entrance, application, and exit exams) | 6 |
| 8 | Tough Choices, Tougher Times (exec summary) | Have all schools operate independently through charters from local agencies/boards which supervise and evaluate school performance. Schools could acquire resources/services from school districts or from private companies | Independently operated schools | 2 |
| 9 | Tough Choices, Tougher Times (exec summary) | Allow students choice to attend any school | Enrollment choices | 2 |
| 10 | Tough Choices, Tougher Times (exec summary) | Provide education for all to adults interested in going back to pass National Board Tests | Flexible post-secondary enrollment | 2 |
| 11 | Tough Choices, Tougher Times (exec summary) | Government should put $500 in account for every child, and contribute annually every year until age 16 to pay for higher education | Financial support for students | 2 |
| 12 | Ready or Not Creating a High School Diploma that Counts | Country must reestablish link between high schools and colleges and high schools and businesses | K-12, Post-Secondary, Industry Alignment | 3 |
| 13 | Ready or Not Creating a High School Diploma that Counts | States must “anchor” standards with knowledge and skills that employers actually expect | Standards should reflect employer needs | 3 |
| 14 | Ready or Not Creating a High School Diploma that Counts | Back-map standards to create a coherent, focused, grade-by-grade progression from kindergarten through high school graduation. | Coherent, articulated progression of standards | 5 |
| 15 | Ready or Not Creating a High School Diploma that Counts | Require all students to take quality college and workplace readiness curriculum | Require all students to take quality college and workplace readiness curriculum | 5 |
| 16 | Ready or Not Creating a High School Diploma that Counts | Measure what matters and hold students, schools, districts, and colleges accountable | Measure what matters and hold students, schools, districts, and colleges accountable | 6 |
| 17 | Ready or Not Creating a High School Diploma that Counts | Rigorous HS exit exams | Rigorous HS exit exams | 6 |
| 18 | Ready or Not Creating a High School Diploma that Counts | Don’t just use large-scale standardized tests to measure student knowledge/skill | Assess student learning in different ways | 6 |
| 19 | Ready or Not Creating a High School Diploma that Counts | Articulate assessments K-16 | K-12, Post-Secondary, Industry Alignment (entrance, application, and exit exams) | 6 |
| 20 | Ready or Not Creating a High School Diploma that Counts | Use high school assessments for college admissions and placement | K-12, Post-Secondary, Industry Alignment (entrance, application, and exit exams) | 6 |
| 21 | Ready or Not Creating a High School Diploma that Counts | Provide information to high schools on the academic performance of their graduates in college. | Information sharing between K-12 and Post-Secondary institutions | 6 |
| 22 | Ready or Not Creating a High School Diploma that Counts | States should hold postsecondary institutions accountable for the academic success of the students they admit, including student learning, persistence and degree completion | Accountability for Higher Educaiton on student learning and persistence | 6 |
| 23 | Ready or Not Creating a High School Diploma that Counts | Encourage states to align standards, assessments and graduation requirements with the knowledge and skills necessary for success in postsecondary education and work. | Standards should reflect employer needs | 3 |
| 24 | Ready or Not Creating a High School Diploma that Counts | Consider evidence such as high school assessment results and transcripts in making hiring decisions, and encourage other employers to do the same | K-12, Post-Secondary, Industry Alignment (entrance, application, and exit exams) | 3 |
| 25 | State of Decline, Gaps in College Access and Achievement Call for Renewed Commitment to Educating Californians | K-12 promotion of a college-going culture | K-12 promotion of a college-going culture | 1 |
| 26 | State of Decline, Gaps in College Access and Achievement Call for Renewed Commitment to Educating Californians | Promote direct, full-time enrollment in college after high school | Promote direct, full-time enrollment in college after high school | 1 |
| 27 | State of Decline, Gaps in College Access and Achievement Call for Renewed Commitment to Educating Californians | Improve college preparation/readiness | Improve college preparation/readiness | 1 |
| 28 | State of Decline, Gaps in College Access and Achievement Call for Renewed Commitment to Educating Californians | Increase college affordability | Increase college affordability | 2 |
| 29 | Reinventing the American High School for the 21st Century | Establish clear system goals for career and college readiness for all students | Establish clear system goals for career and college readiness for all students | 1 |
| 30 | Reinventing the American High School for the 21st Century | Create a positive school culture that stresses personalization in planning and decision making | Create a positive school culture that stresses personalization in planning and decision making | 8 |
| 31 | Reinventing the American High School for the 21st Century | Create a positive school culture that stresses personalization in relationships | Create a positive school culture that stresses personalization in relationships | 1 |
| 32 | Reinventing the American High School for the 21st Century | Dramatically improve how and where academic content is taught | Dramatically improve how and where academic content is taught | 2 |
| 33 | Reinventing the American High School for the 21st Century | Create incentives for students to pursue the core curriculum in an interest-based context | Contextual learning | 5 |
| 34 | Reinventing the American High School for the 21st Century | Support high quality teaching in all content areas | Support high quality teaching in all content areas | 4 |
| 35 | Reinventing the American High School for the 21st Century | Offer flexible learning opportunities to encourage re-entry and completion | Offer flexible learning opportunities to encourage re-entry and completion | 2 |
| 36 | Reinventing the American High School for the 21st Century | Create system incentives and supports for connection of CTE and high school redesign efforts | Create system incentives and supports for connection of CTE and high school redesign efforts | 2 |
| 37 | Reinventing the American High School for the 21st Century | Move beyond “seat time” and narrowly defined knowledge and skills | Move beyond “seat time” and narrowly defined knowledge and skills | 2 |
| 38 | Career Pathways How To Guide | Regional economic success requires communities to cultivate and retain “knowledge worker.” | Cultivate and retain “knowledge worker.” | 3 |
| 39 | Career Pathways How To Guide | Grow your own talent | Grow your own talent | 8 |
| 40 | Career Pathways How To Guide | Target job training and education to local economies | Target job training and education to local economies | 2 |
| 41 | Career Pathways How To Guide | Create avenues of job advancement for current workers, job seekers, and future workers | Create avenues of job advancement for current workers, job seekers, and future workers | 2 |
| 42 | Career Pathways How To Guide | Use data at all levels of decision making in education and career preparation | Use data at all levels of decision making in education and career preparation | 6 |
| 43 | Career Pathways How To Guide | Collaborate with all sectors (education, business, social service, government, etc.) | Collaborate with all sectors (education, business, social service, government, etc.) | 3 |
| 44 | Career Pathways How To Guide | Articulate credits/curriculum across sectors | Articulate credits/curriculum across sectors | 3 |
| 45 | Career Pathways How To Guide | Clearly define necessary work competencies | Clearly define necessary work competencies | 3 |
| 46 | Career Pathways How To Guide | Emphasize learning by doing | Emphasize learning by doing | 5 |
| 47 | Career Pathways How To Guide | Work readiness and training programs must be conveniently located and scheduled | Work readiness and training programs must be conveniently located and scheduled | 8 |
| 48 | Career Pathways How To Guide | Allow flexibility to enter and exit programs as circumstances require and permit | Allow flexibility to enter and exit programs as circumstances require and permit | 2 |
| 49 | Career Pathways How To Guide | Provide comprehensive support services (guidance counseling, child care, financial aid, etc.) | Provide comprehensive support services (guidance counseling, child care, financial aid, etc.) | 8 |
| 50 | Career Pathways How To Guide | Align public and private funding sources | K-12, Post-Secondary, Industry Alignment (funding sources) | 3 |
| 51 | Career Pathways How To Guide | Offer “bridge programs” to disadvantaged youth | Offer “bridge programs” to disadvantaged youth | 2 |
| 52 | Updraft Downdraft book review | Recognize that school calendars, master schedules, course syllabi, classroom assignments, and other often overlooked systems have a profound impact on students’ experiences | Adjust school calendars, master schedules, course syllabi, and classroom assignments to better meet student's college/career needs | 2 |
| 53 | Updraft Downdraft book review | Study school and district systems, policies and procedures to uncover downdraft devices. For example, how much time is available for teaching, how much time is available for learning, and which teachers are teaching which students | Regularly evaluate and analyze often overlooked systems, policies, and procedures (calendar, time in class, time in school, which teacher is teaching which students…) | 2 |
| 54 | Updraft Downdraft book review | Make changes to these often overlooked systems to create updraft for all students. | Make changes to these often overlooked systems to create updraft for all students. | 2 |
| 55 | Achieve Inc. College Readiness Report | Intel CEO, Craig Barrett, said, "The students are telling ust that they need to be challenged with higher expectations and tougher academic standards to help them build the foundation they need to be successful in college and work - and we need to listen. | Challenge students with higher expectations and tougher standards | 1 |
| 56 | With Diploma in Hand: Hispanic High School Seniors Talk About Their Future | The process of preparing a young person for college is a remarkably complex task, with midcourse corrections all along the way. The students who may or may not attend college clearly don’t have these natural support systems in place. Sporadic information sessions may reach a few students, but they will not do the whole job. We need to find ways to emulate some of the sustained support received by middle-class students. | Emulate some of the sustained support received by middle-class students for low SES students. | 8 |
| 57 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Increase accountability for dropouts as a way of encouraging high schools to become more responsive to the needs and goals of students who are struggling to succeed in high school. | Increase accountability for drop-outs | 6 |
| 58 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Help schools obtain better information about effective remedial services for low-performing elementary and middle school students as a means of preventing dropouts. | Effective remedial programs for low performing students to prevent drop-outs | 4 |
| 59 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | High schools should be encouraged to become more flexible in helping students achieve their personal goals after graduation. | High schools should be encouraged to become more flexible in helping students achieve their personal goals after graduation. | 2 |
| 60 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Increase high school accountability for helping students make a successful transition to work or college after high school. | Accountability for career preparation in High Schools | 6 |
| 61 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Additional funds for middle school planning and counseling would help students and parents obtain better information about the options available to students in high school. | Help students and parents obtain better information about the options available to students in high school | 8 |
| 62 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Create high-quality vocational sequences that have greater benefits to students. | Create high-quality vocational sequences that have greater benefits to students. | 3 |
| 63 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Using better measures of high school achievement in the admissions process would help ensure that students are adequately prepared. We think the state should use the existing Standardized Testing and Reporting (STAR) tests for admission and placement decisions in our postsecondary system. | K-12, Post-Secondary, Industry Alignment (entrance, application, and exit exams) | 6 |
| 64 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Students also want to feel more involved in their education, and creating choices over their high school program empowers students and their parents to use high school to reach their postsecondary goals. | Parent and student program choice | 8 |
| 65 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Characteristics of engaged students include: Enthusiasm, Active participation, Interes, Completing work, Pride in success, Seeking assistance when needed, Social involvement, Taking challenging classes | Engage students | 8 |
| 66 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Research also suggests that student educational and occupational aspirations are good predictors of dropping out. | Students need educational and/or occupational aspirations | 8 |
| 67 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | A focus on teaching and learning that “does whatever it takes” to increase the academic skills of students and reduce dropouts. | Complete dedication to student achievement and retention | 1 |
| 68 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Special programs in middle school for “at-risk” students show promise in reducing dropouts. | Special programs for students "at risk" | 8 |
| 69 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | More personal, supportive schools create an environment which encourages lower-performing students to engage in school and not dropout. | Supportive school environments | 8 |
| 70 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Giving students and parents greater control over their program make school more aligned with student goals to keep them from dropping out. | Parent and student program choice | 8 |
| 71 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Parents must be partners with schools in keeping students on track and keep them from dropping out. | Parents as partners | 8 |
| 72 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Individual vocational courses have little impact on wages. Instead, research suggests that vocational studies have the largest effect in combination with other courses. One study, for instance, found fairly large (10 percent) increases in wages resulting from taking four advanced vocational courses or two advanced vocational courses and a computer course. | Students need multiple courses taken in combination | 2 |
| 73 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Individual vocational courses have small short-term benefits and few long-term payoffs for high school students. Students benefit primarily from taking a combination of courses that results in skill levels that advantage them in the labor market. | Students need multiple courses taken in combination | 2 |
| 74 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Tech-Prep creates a pathway for high school students that results in a community college certificate or degree or a four-year college diploma. The intent behind Tech-Prep is to create the academic and vocational linkages between high schools and community colleges to create a “funnel” effect that leads to college after high school. | Academic and vocational linkages between high schools and community colleges to create a “funnel” effect that leads to college after high school. | 3 |
| 75 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Community colleges have well-developed vocational education programs that result in occupational certificates or degrees. The NAVE report found these programs have significant long-term benefits to students. Students completing vocational certificate programs experience long-term earnings gains of about 10 percent (6.5 percent for men and 15 percent for women) compared to the average earnings of a high school graduate. A two-year vocational degree increases long-term earnings by almost 40 percent (30 percent for men, 47 percent for women). | Expand CC voc-ed programs that result in certificates and degrees. | 2 |
| 76 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Four-year vocational paths could be structured to help students reach the highest possible levels of academic and vocational skills. For the more academically prepared students in this group, the pathways would allow students to work on CCC vocational degrees while they are in high school. | 4 year career pathway for HS students for most focused students | 2 |
| 77 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Our second optional path would establish two-year vocational programs that provide an employer-validated skill certificate. These paths would be available to students who are not ready to commit to a four-year course sequence in ninth grade or who change plans during high school. To the extent feasible, these two-year paths should be coordinated with CCC programs so that students could transition seamlessly to a higher-skill postsecondary program. | 2 year career pathway for HS students for less focused students | 2 |
| 78 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | The third pathway would combine vocational instruction with courses needed to satisfy the A through G requirements. Programs like Partnership Academies can accomplish both of these academic and vocational goals. | 4 year college and career pathways for HS students | 5 |
| 79 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Identify the courses high school students should take as a prerequisite for entrance into a community college vocational program. | Course planning connected with post-secondary and career planning | 2 |
| 80 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Agreement on what students are taught in the high school courses so they do not have to repeat the courses in community college. | Course articulation K-12 to Post Secondary | 3 |
| 81 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | A process for determining whether high school students earn college credit for advanced courses taken in high school. | A process for determining whether high school students earn college credit for advanced courses taken in high school. | 2 |
| 82 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Outreach by CC to encourage students to continue their education beyond high school and to facilitate their enrollment in the community college vocational program. | CC outreach and simplified enrollment process | 3 |
| 83 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Create curricular options that help high school students succeed in their choice of pathways. | Create curricular options that help high school students succeed in their choice of pathways. | 5 |
| 84 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Eighth grade component that would emphasize career exploration, counseling, and the development with students and parents of a high school course plan | Career exploration and planning in middle school | 8 |
| 85 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Tenth grade “check-in” counseling component that would assess each student’s progress and make any changes to the plan desired by students and parents. It is important to note that this career “counseling” would not have to be provided by certificated counselors—there are a variety of ways high schools could provide these services. | Tenth grade “check-in” college and career counseling | 8 |
| 86 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | A High School Course Plan for Each Student. This would identify the specific courses the student would take to reach the academic and vocational goals desired by the student and parents. Involving parents in the choice of high school goals also may strengthen the role of parents in demanding good local options for all students. | A High School Course Plan for Each Student | 8 |
| 87 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Various educational entities providing vocational classes need to work together to develop new pathways for high school students. | Various educational entities providing vocational classes need to work together to develop new pathways for high school students. | 3 |
| 88 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | In order to fully align the STAR tests with CSU’s placement examinations, students answer supplemental questions that are combined with the STAR results. Students who answer the supplemental questions receive a report from CSU indicating whether they are ready for college-level work. Passing the test exempts students from any remedial courses in college. | K-12, Post-Secondary, Industry Alignment (entrance, application, and exit exams) | 6 |
| 89 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | UC’s Board of Admissions and Relations with Schools (BOARS) found the SAT was not well-aligned with the A through G classes. Therefore, UC negotiated changes in the SAT to more closely align with the material students study in high school. The revised SAT will be given for the first time in 2005, and UC will evaluate whether these changes improve the usefulness of the test for admissions and placement decisions. | K-12, Post-Secondary, Industry Alignment (entrance, application, and exit exams) | 6 |
| 90 | Improving High School: A Strategic Approach | Use the STAR Tests for college admissions would reduce costs and increase access. Students applying to UC would no longer have to take the SAT tests, potentially saving time and money. | K-12, Post-Secondary, Industry Alignment (entrance, application, and exit exams) | 6 |
| 91 | Equipped for the Future | The 16 Equipped for the Future (EFF) Standards have been identified through a careful research process that began by looking at the changes in adults’ daily lives. Building on research conducted in 1990 by the Secretary’s Commission on Necessary Skills (SCANS), Equipped for the Future partners engaged adults all across the country in a research effort aimed at “mapping” the critical responsibilities of family and civic life as well as work life. | Standards should be include academic, technical, and soft skills | 5 |
| 92 | Equipped for the Future | Schools should prepare students for their roles of adult life: parenting, partnering, working, being a citizen in a diverse society, adult learning, and the like. EFF developed a series of pictoral "Role Maps" that outline in simple terms the necessary skills and behaviors to succeed as an adult. These "Role Maps" include the "Citizen/Community Role Map," the "Parent/Family Role Map," and the "Worker Role Map." | Schools should prepare students for their roles of adult life | 5 |
| 93 | Equipped for the Future | Develop academic standards for schools based on real-world skills that adults need to be successful. | Standards based on real world skills | 5 |
| 94 | Equipped for the Future | Communication Skills (from EFF): Read with understanding, convey ideas in writing, speak so others can understand, listen actively, and observe critically | Communication skills | 5 |
| 95 | Equipped for the Future | Decision Making Skills (from EFF): Use math to solve problems and communicate, solve problems and make decisions, and plan | Decision-making skills | 5 |
| 96 | Equipped for the Future | Lifelong Learning Skills (from EFF): Use information and communications technology, learn through research, reflect and evaluate, and take responsibility for learning | Life-long learning skills | 5 |
| 97 | Equipped for the Future | Interpersonal Skills (from EFF): Guide others, resolve conflict and negotiate, advocate and influence, and cooperate with others. | Interpersonal skills | 5 |
| 98 | Equipped for the Future | Get broad agreement, first, on what the system should achieve, and second, on what knowledge and skills are critical to that achievement. | Decide on the goal of education, then decide how to get there | 1 |
| 99 | Connecting Education Standards and Employment: Course-taking Patterns of Young Workers | Algebra II is the benchmark course for students aspiring to highly paid professional jobs or well-paid, white-collar jobs. Geometry is the benchmark course for students intending to work in wellpaid, blue-collar jobs and low-paid/low-skilled jobs. Four years of English that is at least at grade level is a benchmark requirement in the vast majority of jobs. | Mimum course requirements (geometry, algebra, algebra II) | 2 |
| 100 | Connecting Education Standards and Employment: Course-taking Patterns of Young Workers | If today's youth want to access these good-paying jobs the economy is creating, they will need a solid high school education. | If today's youth want to access these good-paying jobs the economy is creating, they will need a solid high school education. | 2 |